Which demographic factors are essential for measuring population health?

The correct answer focuses on indicators that directly reflect the overall health status of a population. Life expectancy is a critical measure as it indicates the average time an individual is expected to live based on current mortality rates. A higher life expectancy generally signifies better health conditions, effective healthcare systems, and improved living standards.

Infant mortality rate, another crucial factor, measures the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births. It is often used as a key indicator of population health and wellness, as high infant mortality can signify poor maternal health, inadequate healthcare services, or socio-economic challenges.

Access to healthcare services is vital as it reflects how readily available and effective health services are within a population. This access influences overall health outcomes particularly in preventing and managing diseases.

The other options include factors that while relevant to population studies, do not directly measure health outcomes. Options involving population density and economic status may have correlations with health but are not definitive measures. Urbanization, birth rates, and death rates provide context but are broader indicators that don't specifically focus on health quality and access. Cultural heritage and family size, while significant in social demographics, do not directly quantify health status.